Polycystic Ovarian Syndrome: An Overview with Special Consideration to Its Oral and Pediatric Clinical Manifestations

Abstract

Polycystic ovary syndrome (PCOS) is a complex endocrine disorder affecting women of reproductive age. It is characterized by a combination of symptoms including irregular menstrual cycles, excessive androgen production, and the presence of multiple small cysts on the ovaries. This condition affects approximately 5-10% of women worldwide and is considered one of the most common endocrine disorders in women. The exact cause of PCOS is still unclear, but it is believed to involve a combination of genetic and environmental factors. Insulin resistance and hormonal imbalances play a significant role in the development of this syndrome. High levels of insulin can stimulate the ovaries to produce excess androgens, leading to hormonal dysregulation and subsequent complications such as hirsutism (excessive hair growth), acne, and male pattern baldness. PCOS is associated with a wide range of health problems, ranging from infertility and pregnancy complications to an increased risk of metabolic disorders such as type 2 diabetes and cardiovascular diseases. Furthermore, women with PCOS often experience psychological distress, as the visible symptoms, such as weight gain and fertility issues, can significantly impact their self-esteem and quality of life. Early diagnosis is crucial to prevent long-term complications and provide appropriate management. This review highlights an overview of PCOS, its clinical features, diagnosis, and treatment strategies involved.