Throughflow and quadratic drag effects on the onset of convection in a Forchheimer-extended Darcy porous medium layer saturated by a nanofluid

Abstract

In this paper, thermal instability in a horizontal nanofluid-saturated porous layer with vertical through flow and quadratic drag is investigated. The important effects of Brownian motion and thermophoresis are included in the model of nanofluid, while for porous medium the modified Forchheimer-extended Darcy model is employed. The criterion for both stationary and oscillatory convection is derived analytically with and without through flow and quadratic drag effects. It is found that oscillatory convection is possible only for the case of a bottom-heavy nanoparticle distribution.