Antibiofilm potential of graphene-dispersed alkoxysilane coatings: a materials science perspective

Abstract

This study investigates the antibiofilm properties of alkoxysilane-based coatings incorporating dispersed multilayer graphene powder. Graphene, synthesised via a proprietary method, was incorporated into a resin matrix at various concentrations (0.1%, 0.5%, and 1.0% by weight) and applied to glass substrates. Raman spectroscopy confirmed the presence of defect-rich, multilayer graphene, which is known to enhance antimicrobial surface properties. Biofilm formation by Staphylococcus epidermidis was evaluated using ISO 4768-standardised crystal violet staining. Results indicated that biofilm development was effectively suppressed at concentrations up to 0.5%, whereas an unexpected increase was observed at 1.0%, possibly due to graphene aggregation and reduced surface exposure. The findings suggest that both graphene concentration and dispersion quality critically influence antibiofilm efficacy. The study highlights the dual role of graphene, both as a physical and chemical antibacterial agent, and its potential application in medical, industrial, and hygienic materials. Further investigation is warranted to optimise dispersion and explore microbial-material interactions in real-world conditions.