Motor and Non‑motor Neurologic Symptoms of Wilson’s Disease: Exploring the Associations

Abstract

Background and Objectives: Although the motor symptoms of Wilson’s disease have received particular attention from researchers and medical professionals, non‑motor symptoms might become increasingly prevalent with the advancement of the disease and can even appear before the onset of motor symptoms. However, clinicopathological correlations for most of these non‑motor features are still poorly understood. The correlations between non‑motor and motor symptoms have been examined in this study. Methods: Fifty patients with Wilson’s disease participated in this study. Each subject was administered the Global Assessment Scale and the Non‑Motor Symptom Questionnaire (NMS Quest) for the assessment of motor and non‑motor symptoms, respectively. Cognitive functions were evaluated with Addenbrooke’s Cognitive Examination III (Bengali version) and the Digit Span Test. Sleep‑related problems were assessed with Pittsburgh Sleep Quality Index. Results: Of the patients who participated in this study, 82%, 56%, 90%, 18%, 82%, 8%, 60%, 56%, and 66% had digestive, urinary, apathy–attention–memory, hallucinations/delusions, depression/anxiety, sexual function, cardiovascular, sleep disorder, and miscellaneous (pain, weight, swelling, sweating, and diplopia) symptoms, respectively. NMS‑Digestion (P ≤ 0.001), NMS‑Urinary (P = 0.007), NMS‑Miscellany (P = 0.001), NMS‑Memory (0.011), and NMS‑Sleep Disorder (P = 0.031) significantly predicted parkinsonism. NMS‑Digestion was a significant predictor of dystonia (P < 0.001). Conclusion: Awareness regarding non‑motor symptoms and their associations with motor symptoms might help physicians develop more efficient treatment regimens that can alleviate non‑motor symptoms which can be equally troublesome and disabling for these patients. Management of non‑motor symptoms is crucial for the overall well‑being of these patients.