Changes in Biochemical Indicators of Blood Serum in Female Adolescents During Sports

Abstract

Purpose. Analysis of indicators for assessing the state of metabolic processes in adolescent female athletes in the puberty period of their life using laboratory tests used in medical organizations to identify the risks of developing metabolic changes accompanied by the formation of a "relative energy deficit syndrome in sports" and precursors of the development of "metabolic syndrome". Materials and methods. An impersonal database was analyzed, including 31 biochemical markers of health of 371 female adolescents (323 athletes and 48 adolescents in the control group). Data on biochemical indicators of the risk of developing stress syndromes of metabolic processes depending on the period of puberty, sports qualifications and sports are presented. Results. Participation in sports during adolescence is associated with a higher incidence of malnutrition, which is more common in girls as part of the symptom complex of the triad of female athletes, which includes insufficient energy intake with or without malnutrition, menstrual dysfunction, and a decrease in bone mineral density. As the increasing sports standards are overcome at early puberty, the biochemical indicators of the energy supply of sports activities (decrease in glucose levels, LDL-cholesterol, albumin content, alkaline phosphatase activity, the value of the "AST / ALT" coefficient, increase in the coefficient "glucose / cholesterol-LDL") are added a decrease in TIBC (Total iron-binding activity of serum) related to the menstrual cycle, as well as indicators of damage to membrane structures (ALT, AST, CPK, alkaline phosphatase). It has been established that cyclic sports are characterized by a decrease in glucose levels, TIBC, and the coefficient "glucose/LDL-cholesterol"; for speed-strength sports-a decrease in the content of albumin, triglycerides and TIBC; for martial arts-a decrease in TIBC and indicators of the coefficient "glucose / cholesterol-LDL"; for complex-coordinating sports-a decrease in the level of triglycerides and the coefficient "glucose / LDL cholesterol". The concentration of total calcium remains at a constant level, which does not allow using this indicator in predicting the development of osteoporosis. The selection of athletes with risk factors for the metabolic syndrome is practically completed after the first two stages of assessing overweight and HDL cholesterol levels. An auxiliary role is played by the content of glucose and triglycerides. Conclusion. Biochemical indicators of the risk of developing the syndrome of relative energy deficiency are more often detected in female athletes of early puberty, which can lead to pathological components of the triad of female athletes. An important role in the development of the metabolic syndrome in a small part (0.4-1.8%) of female athletes of puberty is played by overweight and a decrease in the level of high density lipoproteins.