Layered double hydroxides-based nanozymes for effective biomedical applications: A review and future perspectives

Abstract

Nanozymes including noble metals, metal oxides, metal-organic frameworks, carbon-based nanomaterials, and layered double hydroxides (LDHs) have undergone rapid development in recent years. In addition to the cost-effectiveness, high stability, and superior catalytic capabilities of common nanozymes, LDHs have unique characteristics such as extensive surface area, anion exchange capacity, adjustable composition/structure, and low toxicity. Leveraging these properties, LDH-based nanozymes (LDHzymes) with enzyme-like activity demonstrate significant potential for applications, particularly in biomedicine. This review summarizes the preparation methods for LDHzymes with different morphology and elucidates their catalytic activities (including peroxidase-, oxidase-, superoxide dismutase-, and catalase-like activity) and mechanisms. Subsequently, the applications of LDHzymes across biomedical fields are examined, including biosensing and detection, antimicrobial properties, treatment of tumors, and reactive oxygen species-related diseases. Finally, future research directions for LDHzymes are proposed, including the design of high-performance LDHzymes, intelligent therapeutic applications, and the expansion of application fields, which provide a framework for the development of novel LDHzymes for biomedical applications.