The Effectiveness of Orofacial Myofunctional Therapy in Adults with Myogenous Temporomandibular Disorders: Insights from a Pilot Study

Abstract

Background: Temporomandibular disorders (TMDs) are increasingly understood within the biopsychosocial framework, which highlights the interplay of biological, psychological, and social factors in their onset and persistence. Within this context, orofacial myofunctional disorders (OMDs) represent a significant biological component, reflecting structural and functional disturbances of the orofacial system that may contribute to temporomandibular dysfunction. Objectives: This pilot study evaluated the effectiveness of orofacial myofunctional therapy (OMT) in improving functional parameters and reducing pain in adults with myogenous TMD accompanied by OMDs. Methods: In this prospective single-arm pilot study, twenty-five adults (aged 25–39 years) with myogenous TMD and coexisting OMDs, diagnosed according to DC/TMD criteria by a dentist trained in DC/TMD assessment and referred for the intervention, completed three biweekly OMT sessions. The therapy comprised myofascial release, oromotor exercises, functional retraining of breathing, chewing, and swallowing, as well as mandibular stabilization and dissociation exercises, complemented by home-based practice. Functional parameters—maximum mouth opening (MAX) and tongue mobility (TRMR-TIP, TRMR-LPS)—were measured before and after each session. Pain intensity (VAS) and quality of life (SF-36) were assessed at baseline and post-intervention. Data were analyzed using the Shapiro–Wilk test, paired t-test, and Wilcoxon signed-rank test. Results: Statistically significant improvements (p < 0.001) were observed across all evaluated parameters. Participants demonstrated increased maximum mouth opening and tongue mobility, along with decreased pain intensity and improved quality of life following the intervention. Conclusions: This pilot study provides preliminary evidence that short-term OMT can yield measurable functional improvements and pain reduction in adults with TMD and associated OMDs. These findings underscore the relevance of addressing orofacial myofunctional impairments as part of the biological dimension within the biopsychosocial model and support the integration of OMT into interdisciplinary TMD management.