Snow Resources and Climatic Variability in Jammu and Kashmir, India

Abstract

Climate change is profoundly impacting snow-dependent regions, altering hydrological cycles and threatening water security. This study examines the relationships between snow water equivalent (SWE), snow cover, temperature, and wind speed in Jammu and Kashmir, India, over five decades (1974–2024). Using ERA5 reanalysis and Indian Meteorological Department (IMD) datasets, we reveal significant declines in SWE and snow cover, particularly in high-altitude regions such as Kupwara and Bandipora. A Sen’s slope of 0.0016 °C per year for temperature highlights a steady warming trend that accelerates snowmelt, shortens snow cover duration, and reduces streamflow during critical agricultural periods. Strong negative correlations between SWE and temperature (r = −0.7 to −0.9) emphasize the dominant role of rising temperatures in SWE decline. Wind speed trends exhibit weaker correlations with SWE (r = −0.2 to −0.4), although localized effects on snow redistribution and evaporation are evident. Temporal snow cover analyses reveal declining winter peaks and diminished summer runoff contributions, exacerbating water scarcity. These findings highlight the cascading impacts of climate variability on snow hydrology, water availability, and regional ecosystems. Adaptive strategies, including real-time snow monitoring, sustainable water management, and climate-resilient agricultural practices, are imperative for mitigating these challenges in this sensitive Himalayan region.