Performing Strength: Racialized Masculinity in the Lived Experiences of Black Men at Risk of Suicide

Abstract

Suicide rates among Black men in the United States have increased significantly in recent decades, yet limited research explores how intersecting systems of oppression contribute to this trend. This study examines how racial identity and gender norms intersect to shape suicide risk among Black men with lived experiences of suicidal thoughts and behaviors. We conducted semi-structured qualitative interviews with Black adult men (n = 15) in Maryland who had a history of suicidal ideation or behavior from February 2022 to October 2023. Using thematic analysis and an intersectional framework, we explored how racialized masculinity, public and private regard, and cultural norms around emotional expression influence mental health and help-seeking. Participants described navigating a racialized ideal of masculinity that emphasized toughness, emotional suppression, and self-reliance. These expectations, compounded by systemic racism and internalized stigma, created barriers to vulnerability and support-seeking in moments of crisis. Racial identity, particularly public regard and centrality, shaped how men internalized and performed masculine roles. Many reported gender role stress resulting from the conflict between emotional needs and societal demands, which contributed to isolation and elevated suicide risk. Our study results emphasize the importance of enacting gendered and culturally responsive approaches to suicide prevention efforts. These efforts should also acknowledge and mitigate the compounded effects of racial oppression and gender expectations.