Fluorescence properties and staining behavior of monodansylpentane, a structural homologue of the lysosomotropic agent monodansylcadaverine

Abstract

We have recently shown that monodansylcadaverine labels autophagic vacuoles. Analysis of the mechanism underlying the labeling revealed that monodansylcadaverine acts as a lysosomotropic agent, being concentrated into acidic compartments by an ion-trapping mechanism, and as a solvent polarity probe, increasing its relative fluorescence intensity by interacting with membrane lipids that are highly concentrated in the autophagic vacuoles. In this study, we synthesized three structurally related derivatives of monodansylcadaverine, replacing the primary amino group of monodansylcadaverine with a neutral (dansylamylamine; MDH), a polar (dansylaminopentanol; MDOH), or an acidic group (dansylaminovaleric acid; MDA), to replace the lysosomotropic character of the marker. Whereas MDH showed a specific staining of autophagic vacuoles, the polar and acidic derivatives did not show any staining. We further demonstrate that the MDH staining of autophagic vacuoles is independent on the acidic pH and thus on an ion-trapping mechanism, but it still shows the same preferences for autophagic membrane lipids as monodansylcadaverine. We propose that MDH can specifically interact with lamellar bodies of the autophagic type as a solvent polarity probe. Therefore, dansylated aminopentane can be used as a specific marker for autophagic vacuoles in vivo and in fixed cells.