Impact of Regional Characteristics on Energy Consumption and Decarbonization in Residential and Transportation Sectors in Japan’s Hilly and Mountainous Areas

Abstract

In Japan’s hilly and mountainous areas, which cover over 60% of the national land area, issues such as population outflow, aging, and regional decline are intensifying. This study explored sustainable decarbonization pathways by examining two representative regions (Maniwa City and Hidakagawa Town), while accounting for diverse regional characteristics. A bottom-up approach was adopted to calculate energy consumption and CO2 emissions within residential and transportation sectors. Six future scenarios were developed to evaluate emission trends and countermeasure effectiveness in different regions. The key findings are as follows: (1) in the study areas, complex regional issues have resulted in relatively high current levels of CO2 emissions in these sectors, and conditions may worsen without intervention; (2) if the current trends continue, per-capita CO2 emissions in both regions are projected to decrease by only around 40% by 2050 compared to 2020 levels; (3) under enhanced countermeasure scenarios, CO2 emissions could be reduced by >99%, indicating that regional decarbonization is achievable. This study provides reliable information for designing localized sustainability strategies in small-scale, under-researched areas, while highlighting the need for region-specific countermeasures. Furthermore, the findings contribute to the realization of multiple Sustainable Development Goals (SDGs), particularly goals 7, 11, and 13.