Biofouling and Its Prevention: A Comprehensive Overview

Abstract

The process of the attachment and growth of organisms on artificial solid surfaces is called biofouling. Biofouling organisms commonly undergo successive changes before a stable community is established. Microfouling organisms composed of bacteria, microalgae, and protozoa together with their exudates constitute the biofilm. Microfouling leads to macrofouling, which is the growth of larger fouling organisms. This problem has been recognized from decades ago; however, a long lasting and environmentally friendly antifouling strategy still eludes us. Among the prevailing preventive strategies, antifouling coatings based on organometallic or inorganic toxic species are used to protect ships and offshore platforms, while components of cooling water systems are protected by injecting biocides into the water column. A comprehensive account of the evolution of the biofouling community, factors controlling its formation, expenses incurred, and common antifouling strategies followed with their merits and demerits are described in this review.