Early Alzheimer Biomarker Recognition Transition Metal Dichalcogenides as Electrochemical Biosensors for Detecting Alzheimer’s Biomarkers

Abstract

Alzheimer’s disease (AD) is a neurological ailment characterized by the degeneration of neurons in specific areas of the brain, resulting in memory loss, cognitive decline, and eventually dementia. AD is both lethal and currently incurable since the demise of brain cells cannot be reversed or stopped; however, ongoing advancements and research offer hope, aiming to uncover effective clinical and therapeutic strategies that could slow down the progression and improve patient outcomes. Surveys indicate that the treatment of AD is significantly expensive, with the global annual cost of treating AD amounting to US$1 trillion. Therefore, the early identification of this condition is of the utmost importance, as it can assist in slowing down the advancement of Alzheimer’s and enable proper diagnosis. Biosensors are analytical instruments utilized for the early identification of AD and are in great demand due to their exceptional selectivity, sensitivity, and affordability. Biosensors integrated with transition-metal dichalcogenides (TMDCs) enhance the efficiency of a biosensor by significantly amplifying biosensing signals. This study examines AD and its underlying biochemical mechanisms, explicitly focusing on several hypotheses linked to AD, the biomarkers involved, and the use of TMDC-based biosensors for early detection of the illness with greater precision.