The progenitor star of SN 2023ixf: A massive red supergiant with enhanced, episodic pre-supernova mass loss

Abstract

We identify the progenitor star of SN 2023ixf in Messier 101 using Keck/NIRC2 adaptive optics imaging and pre-explosion Hubble Space Telescope (HST)/Advanced Camera for Surveys (ACS) images. The supernova, localized with diffraction spikes and high-precision astrometry, unambiguously coincides with a progenitor candidate of (AB). Given its reported infrared excess and semiregular variability, we fit a time-dependent spectral energy distribution (SED) model of a dusty red supergiant (RSG) to a combined data set of HST optical, ground-based near-infrared, and Spitzer Infrared Array Camera (IRAC) [3.6], [4.5] photometry. The progenitor resembles an RSG of K and, with a dex (per cent) luminosity variation at a period of d, obscured by a dusty envelope of at in optical depth (or mag). The signatures match a post-main-sequence star of in zero-Age main-sequence mass, among the most massive SN II progenitor, with a pulsation-enhanced mass-loss rate of. The dense and confined circumstellar material is ejected during the last episode of radial pulsation before the explosion. Notably, we find strong evidence for variations of or along with luminosity, a necessary assumption to reproduce the wavelength-dependent variability, which implies periodic dust sublimation and condensation. Given the observed SED, partial dust obscuration remains possible, but any unobstructed binary companion over can be ruled out.