Josephson voltage standards

Abstract

This paper reviews the present state of modern Josephson voltage standards. The presentation focuses on conventional dc standards based on underdamped superconductor-insulator-superconductor junctions and programmable standards based on overdamped superconductor-insulator-normal conductor-insulator-superconductor junctions. The current developments of ac standards on the basis of pulse-driven arrays and single flux quantum-based voltage multipliers are briefly summarized.