How to avoid bile duct injury in laparoscopic cholecystectomy: Beyond the critical safety view

Abstract

Laparoscopic cholecystectomy (LC) is the standard of treatment for benign pathologies such as chole-lithiasis and gallbladder polyps. The LC is one of the most frequent procedures in general surgery, with a 0.1%-0.3% associated risk of bile duct injury. Currently, scientific society programs, surgical strategies, and new technologies allow us to reduce the risk of bile duct injuries and to increase the clinical safety of this procedure. This document aims to review the strategies, technologies, and tactics to carry out a safe LC beyond the critical vision of security.