Subgroups based on fears of evaluation exhibited different social anxiety levels

Abstract

The bivalent fear of evaluation model proposes that fear of negative evaluation (FNE) and fear of positive evaluation (FPE) are distinct but related constructs, and that social anxiety arises when they are elevated. This represents a variable-centered perspective. However, a recent review suggested that individuals may be affected by unique combinations of FNE and FPE because they have different functions, mechanisms, and outcomes. Such patterns can be revealed by taking a person-centered approach. To explore this, the current study employed latent profile and k-means clustering analyses in four independent samples (total n = 2,913) to identify subgroups based on FNE and FPE levels. Between-group levels of social anxiety were further examined. Results demonstrated that participants could be classified into four groups: (1) high bivalent fears of evaluation group, (2) high FNE group, (3) high FPE group, and (4) low fears of evaluation group. Importantly, significant differences in social anxiety levels were found among these groups. Our findings extend the bivalent fear of evaluation model to a person-centered perspective and enable clinicians to tailor interventions that specifically address distinct underlying fears of evaluation. This may facilitate more effective treatment for individuals with social anxiety.