Three faces of the second law. I. Master equation formulation

Abstract

We propose a formulation of stochastic thermodynamics for systems subjected to nonequilibrium constraints (i.e. broken detailed balance at steady state) and furthermore driven by external time-dependent forces. A splitting of the second law occurs in this description leading to three second-law-like relations. The general results are illustrated on specific solvable models. The present paper uses a master equation based approach. © 2010 The American Physical Society.