Cesarean delivery modifies the association between prenatal exogenous progesterone and cryptorchidism: a case–control study

Abstract

This study investigated the association between prenatal exogenous progesterone exposure and cryptorchidism, and whether delivery mode modifies this association. We conducted a retrospective case–control study of 610 cryptorchidism cases and 610 controls from pediatric surgical admissions between April 2016 and October 2021. Data on prenatal exogenous progesterone exposure, delivery mode, and relevant covariates were extracted from medical records. Multivariable logistic regression assessed associations and interactions. Prenatal exogenous progesterone exposure was associated with increased odds of cryptorchidism (aOR = 1.85; 95% CI = 1.42–2.40; P