Solution-Processed Organic Photovoltaics: Fabrication Advances and Challenges

Abstract

The growing demand for sustainable energy solutions has propelled organic solar cells (OSCs) into the spotlight as a promising alternative to traditional inorganic photovoltaics. Despite their advantages—such as lightweight, flexibility, and semitransparency—OSCs face significant challenges related to efficiency and stability. This review provides a comprehensive overview of OSC device fabrication, focusing on the critical roles of photoactive layers, transporting layers, and electrodes in influencing performance. We explore recent advancements in material processing techniques and scalable manufacturing methods, particularly for large-area devices, while addressing key issues like morphology optimization and charge carrier dynamics. By synthesizing current research trends and identifying areas for future investigation, this review aims to inform and inspire ongoing efforts in the field. The unique contribution of this manuscript lies in its detailed analysis of fabrication processes and the potential for enhanced efficiency and application in sustainable energy technologies, offering valuable insights for researchers and industry stakeholders alike.