L-quebrachitol promotes the proliferation, differentiation, and mineralization of MC3T3-E1 cells: Involvement of the BMP-2/RUnx2/MAPK/Wnt/β-catenin signaling pathway

Abstract

Osteoporosis is widely recognized as a major health problem caused by an inappropriate rate of bone resorption compared to bone formation. Previously we showed that D-pinitol inhibits osteoclastogenesis but has no effect on osteoblastogenesis. However, the effect on osteoblast differentiation of its isomer, L-quebrachitol, has not yet been reported. The purpose of this study was, therefore, to investigate whether L-quebrachitol promotes the osteoblastogenesis of pre-osteoblastic MC3T3-E1 cells. Moreover, the molecular mechanism of action of L-quebrachitol was further explored. Here, it is shown for the first time that L-quebrachitol significantly promotes proliferation and cell DNA synthesis. It also enhances mineralization accompanied by increases in mRNA expression of bone matrix proteins including alkaline phosphatase (ALP), collagen type I (ColI), osteocalcin (OCN), and osteopontin (OPN). In addition, L-quebrachitol upregulates the mRNA and protein expression of bone morphogenetic protein-2 (BMP-2) and runt-related transcription factor-2 (Runx2), while down-regulating the receptor activator of the nuclear factor-κB ligand (RANKL) mRNA level. Moreover, the expression of regulatory genes associated with the mitogen-activated protein kinase (MAPK) and wingless-type MMTV integration site (Wnt)/β-catenin signaling pathways are also upregulated. These findings indicate that L-quebrachitol may promote osteoblastogenesis by triggering the BMP-2-response as well as the Runx2, MAPK, and Wnt/β-catenin signaling pathway.