Borderline-tuberculoid leprosy: Clinical and immunological heterogeneity

Abstract

The authors analysed some immunological criteria in leprosy patients diagnosed as borderline tuberculoid by the presentation of different grades of skin lesions as well as different grades of nerve involvement. Only 50% of the patients presented a single skin lesion and 58% had none or only one affected nerve. Nineteen patients (39.6%) showed a positive lepromin reaction (induration ≤ 5 mm). Patients with a positive skin test had a greater number of skin lesions when compared with patients with a negative lepromin test. Fifty-seven percent of the patients were found to be positive using a lymphoproliferation test (LTT) in response to Mycobacterium leprae antigens. Positive LTT results did not correlate with the number of skin lesions, but patients unresponsive to LTT had a lesser extent of nerve involvement. Four out of 18 patients (22%) released high IFNγ levels in PBMC culture stimulated by M. leprae (mean U/ml ± SD = 142 ± 72). All of these 4 patients presented only one skin lesion, although three of them had more than one affected nerve. Nineteen out of 21 patients (90.5%) showed no anti-PGL-1 antibodies in their serum. The low levels of anti-PGL-1 antibodies among these patients confirmed their tuberculoid background even in those with multiple skin lesions. These findings seem to attribute an important role to IFNγ in restraining the spreading of the infection in the skin, but IFNγ may have an opposite effect on the nerves. The potential pathological effects of IFNγ during the delayed type of hypersensitivity can be related to its ability to synergise with other inflammatory cytokines such as TNFα, IL-1β, and others.