Quantitative determination of urinary N7-ethylguanine in smokers and non-smokers using an isotope dilution liquid chromatography/tandem mass spectrometry with on-line analyte enrichment

Abstract

Previous studies demonstrated the presence of unknown direct-acting ethylating agents arising from cigarette smoke. We hypothesized that such agents would also lead to ethylation of guanine in DNA followed by depurination/repair and excretion of N7-ethylguanine (N7-EtG) in urine. In this study, a highly specific and sensitive liquid chromatographic/ tandem mass spectrometric (LC/MS/MS) method was firstly developed for measuring urinary N7-EtG. With the use of an isotope internal standard (15N5-N7-EtG) and on-line enrichment techniques, the detection limit of this method was estimated as 0.59 pg/ml (0.33 pmol) on-column. This method was then applied to measure urinary samples obtained from 35 non-smokers and 32 smokers with dietary control. The results showed that the mean urinary levels of N7-EtG were 85.5 ± 105 and 28.1 ± 19.4 pg/mg creatinine for smokers and non-smokers, respectively. Smokers had about three times higher level of N7-EtG than non-smokers (P < 0.005). It was further noted that the urinary level of N7-EtG was significantly associated with cotinine for smokers (r = 0.49, P < 0.005). Taken together, this is the first study that demonstrated the presence of N7-EtG in urine, and that cigarette smoke was highly responsible for the increased urinary excretion of N7-EtG. This non-invasive measurement of urinary N7-EtG would be useful for the surveillance of ethylating agent exposure and its associated cancer risk in the future. © Oxford University Press 2005; all rights reserved.