FAZLUR RAHMAN DAN METODE IJTIHADNYA: Telaah Sekitar Pembaruan Hukum Islam

Abstract

In his monumental work, Islamic Methodology in History, Fazlur Rahman proposed two causes of failure of using ijtihâd as a method in interpreting Islamic law among classical Islamic law scholars. Firstly, there is an unharmonious relationship between "sunnah-ijma'-ijtihâd; secondly, there is a burden of majority doctrine theology towards the law. Both causalities are related each other. Fazlur Rahman tried to show the unharmonious between "sunnah-ijma'-ijtihâd" as stated in usûl fiqh. In those unharmonious relationship, ijtihâd is defeated by ijma'. In fact, ijtihâd is regarded as a means to direct and to form ijma'. Due to the ineffective position of ijtihâd, it is not possible to form new ijma'. ‫اﻟﺒﺎرز‬ ‫ﻣﺼﻨﻔﺎﺗﮫ‬ ‫أﺣﺪ‬ ‫ﻓﻰ‬ ‫ﯾﻘﻮل‬ ‫اﻟﺮﺣﻤﻦ‬ ‫ﻓﻀﻞ‬ ‫ﻛﺎن‬ Islamic Methodology in History ‫ﺑﺎﻋﺘﺒﺎره‬ ‫اﻹﺳﻼم‬ ‫ﻓﻰ‬ ‫اﻹﺟﺘﮭﺎد‬ ‫ﺣﺮﻛﺔ‬ ‫ﻟﺘﺠﻤﺪ‬ ‫ﺳﺒﺒﯿﻦ‬ ‫ھﻨﺎك‬ ‫ﺑﺄن‬ ‫اﻟﻄﺮق‬ ‫أﺣﺪ‬ ‫ﻋﻠ‬ ‫ﯾﺴﯿﺮ‬ ‫و‬ ‫اﻟﺸﺮﯾﻌﺔ‬ ‫اﻷﺣﻜﺎم‬ ‫اﺳﺘﻨﺒﺎط‬ ‫ﯿ‬ ‫اﻷول‬ ‫ھﻤﺎ‬ ،‫اﻷﻗﺪﻣﻮن‬ ‫اﻷﺻﻮﻟﯿﻮن‬ ‫ﮫ‬ : ‫ﻋﺪم‬ ‫ﻣﻼءﻣ‬ ‫اﻟ‬ ‫ﺔ‬ ‫اﻷﺣﺘﮭﺎد‬ ‫و‬ ‫اﻹﺟﻤﺎع‬ ‫و‬ ‫اﻟﺴﻨﺔ‬ ‫ﺑﯿﻦ‬ ‫ﻌﻼﻗﺔ‬. ‫اﻟﺜﺎﻧﻰ‬ ‫و‬ : ‫ﻣﻦ‬ ‫اﻟﺪﯾﻨﻰ‬ ‫اﻟﺘﻌﻠﯿﻢ‬ ‫ﻓﺮض‬ ‫اﻟﻌﻠ‬ ‫ﻋﻠﻰ‬ ‫اﻷﻛﺜﺮﯾﺔ‬ ‫اﻟﻘﺎﻧﻮﻧﯿﺔ‬ ‫اﻟﺸﺮﯾﻌﺔ‬ ‫ﻮم‬. ‫اﻵﺧﺮ‬ ‫ﻣﻨﮭﻤﺎ‬ ‫واﺣﺪ‬ ‫ﻛﻞ‬ ‫اﻟﺴﺒﺒﺎن‬ ‫ھﺎذان‬ ‫ﻓﯿﺮﺗﺒﻂ‬. ‫ﻣﻦ‬ ‫ذﻟﻚ‬ ‫ذﻛﺮ‬ ‫ﻛﻤﺎ‬ ‫اﻹﺟﺘﮭﺎد‬ ‫و‬ ‫اﻹﺟﻤﺎع‬ ‫دور‬ ‫و‬ ‫اﻟﺘﻄﻮر‬ ‫ﻧﻈﺮﯾﺔ‬ ‫ﻓﻰ‬ ‫اﻟﻤﺒﺎﺣﺜﺎت‬ ‫ﺣﻼل‬ ‫ﻓﻤﻦ‬ ‫اﻹﺟﺘﮭﺎد‬ ‫و‬ ‫اﻹﺟﻤﺎع‬ ‫و‬ ‫اﻟﺴﻨﺔ‬ ‫ﺑﯿﻦ‬ ‫اﻟﻌﻼﻗﺔ‬ ‫ﻣﻼءﻣﺔ‬ ‫ﻋﺪم‬ ‫ﻟﯿﺜﺒﺖ‬ ‫اﻟﺮﺣﻤﻦ‬ ‫ﻓﻀﻞ‬ ‫ﺣﺎول‬ ،‫ﻗﺒﻞ‬ ‫اﻟﻔﻘﮫ‬ ‫أﺻﻮل‬ ‫ﻓﻰ‬ ‫ﻣﻘﺮرا‬ ‫ذﻟﻚ‬ ‫ﻛﺎن‬ ‫ﻛﻤﺎ‬. ‫ﻓﺒﻤﻨﺎﺳ‬ ‫ﺒﺔ‬ ‫و‬ ‫ﻋﺪم‬ ‫اﻹﺟﺘﮭﺎد‬ ‫ﻛﺎن‬ ‫اﻟﻤﻼءﻣﺔ‬ ‫ھﺬه‬ ‫ﺟﻮد‬ ‫ﻓﻌﺎﻟﺔ‬ ‫ﻏﯿﺮ‬ ‫اﻹﺟﺘﮭﺎد‬ ‫ﻣﻜﺎﻧﺔ‬ ‫ﻛﺎﻧﺖ‬ ‫وﻋﻨﺪﻣﺎ‬ ،‫اﻹﺟﻤﺎع‬ ‫وﺟﻮد‬ ‫ﺑﺴﺒﺐ‬ ‫ﺑﺎﺑﮫ‬ ‫ﻓﺘﺢ‬ ‫ﻋﻦ‬ ‫ﻣﻤﻨﻮﻋﺎ‬ ‫ﺟﺪﯾﺪ‬ ‫إﺟﻤﺎع‬ ‫ھﻨﺎك‬ ‫ﻓﻠﯿﺲ‬ ،‫ﺟﺪﯾﺪ‬ ‫ﻣﻦ‬ ‫اﻷﺟﻤﺎع‬ ‫ﯾﻈﮭﺮ‬ ‫ﻻ‬ ‫أن‬ ‫ﺗﻠﻘﺎﺋﯿﺎ‬ ‫ﻛﺎن‬ ‫اﻹﺟﻤﺎع‬ ‫أﻣﺎم‬. Kata Kunci: Fazlur Rahman, metode ijtihad, pembaruan hukum Islam, sunah, ijmak