The effects of hard water consumption on kidney-related diseases

Abstract

Water-borne disease is a rising problems in the world with around two million deaths each year. This includes the consumption of hard water. Hard water is defined as water that contains a high concentration of calcium and magnesium. A long-term consumption of hard-water can cause kidney dysfunction which may lead to other kidney-related diseases. In this paper, we develop a deterministic mathematical model to examine the effects of hard water consumption on kidney function and kidney-related diseases. We derive steady states and examine their stability, and also perform sensitivity analysis.