Hidden dangers: aromatic amines and their impact on freshwater species

Abstract

4-chloroaniline (4-CA) and 3,4-dichloroaniline (3,4-DCA), used in producing pharmaceuticals, dyes, cosmetics, and pesticides, have recently increased production and consumption. These compounds have been detected in the aquatic environment (ng/L to µg/L) and were proposed as candidates for inclusion in the 4th Watch List of the Water Framework Directive. This study aimed to evaluate the ecotoxicity of aromatic amines to aquatic organisms of different trophic levels. Toxicity values considering bioluminescence (Aliivibrio fischeri), growth inhibition (Lemna minor), and immobilisation (Daphnia magna) revealed different species sensitivity: D. magna < A. fischeri