Assessing the Potential of Olive Stone Powder as a Bitumen Biopolymer Through Physical, Chemical, and Rheological Characterization

Abstract

The present study aims to investigate the feasibility of utilizing olive stone powder (OSP), an agricultural by-product, as a modifier for bituminous binders. OSP was incorporated into a neat bitumen at dosages of 2%, 4%, 6%, and 8% by weight, and the modified binders were subjected to comprehensive laboratory tests along with the unmodified reference binder. The evaluation framework included physical, rheological, and chemical characterization tests. The results of physical tests indicate that, although the addition of OSP led to a slight increase in binder stiffness, it effectively reduced temperature susceptibility while maintaining workability within acceptable limits. Rheological results showed that OSP modification improved rutting resistance at high temperatures, while low-temperature performance was preserved at 2% and 4% OSP contents; however, increased stiffness at higher dosages (6% and 8%) may increase thermal cracking susceptibility. Chemical analyses confirmed that OSP was homogeneously dispersed within the bitumen matrix and improved binder behavior primarily through physical interactions, while also enhancing thermal stability. Overall, the results indicate that OSP behaves as a biopolymer-based, filler-like modifier and provides performance improvements primarily through physical structuring. With these characteristics, OSP offers an environmentally friendly and economical solution for bituminous binders and represents a promising option for sustainable pavement materials.