Reducing frequency drift caused by light shift in coherent population trapping-based low-power atomic clocks

Abstract

We propose a model to reduce the influence that the light-shift induced frequency drift has on the long-term stability of coherent population trapping (CPT)-based low-power atomic clocks. We experimentally validated the proposed model using the chip-scale atomic clock architecture. The model considers both the drift of the dc-bias current to compensate for the wavelength aging of the vertical-cavity surface-emitting laser (VCSEL) and the variation in the modulation index of the light field generated by the VCSEL. We investigated the dc-bias-current-dependency of the frequency drift in an atomic clock module both theoretically and experimentally, confirming that the frequency drift can change as a function of the VCSEL basic parameters. When the atomic clock module was operated over a period of five months at the dc-bias current affording a zero-crossing of the clock frequency drift, the Allan standard deviation and clock frequency drift for long-term stability were 8.0 × 10 - 12 for averaging times of 4 × 10 6 s and 2.4 × 10 - 13/day, respectively. Our approach is promising to improve the long-term stability of CPT-based low-power atomic clocks.