Nanostructured Carbon Catalyst for Amide Coupling Reactions under Microwave Heating in the Absence of a Solvent

Abstract

Carbon nanostructures offer a perfect link between nanoscale materials and organic molecules, making them an ideal platform for molecular catalysts. Herein, an efficient, straightforward, and high-yield synthetic approach is described to synthesize aryl boronic acid containing the pyrene moiety that is noncovalently immobilized by π-πinteraction to carbon nano-onions' surface. The nanostructured carbon material catalyzes the direct amide coupling reaction under microwaved heating in the absence of a solvent. The multilayered structures of carbon nano-onions ensure high thermal stability, and simultaneously, they are excellent microwaved absorbers, which reduce energy consumption. The absorption of microwaved radiation by the nanostructured carbon catalyst effectively influences yield of the catalytic reaction, which is up to 94%. Additionally, the recovery of catalytic material is straightforward, and the mass losses are negligible. Microwave heating in a solvent-free condition simplifies the reaction and reduces the amount of waste, which, in turn, depletes the environmental impact.