Novas perspectivas de fisioterapia respiratória em lesão medular - Uma revisão sistemática

Abstract

Objective: To describe and analyze parameters and effects of surface electrical stimulation on the respiratory muscular function among individuals with spinal cord injuries, especially while coughing. Methods: A systematic literature review was developed based on the Preferred Reporting Items for Systematic Reviews and Meta-Analyses. The search was conducted in the PubMed, PEDro, and LILACS databases, using the following descriptors: “functional electrical stimulation,” “electrostimulation, electrical stimulation,” “coughing,” “bronchial hygiene,” “quadriplegia,” “spinal cord injury”, “tetraplegia”, and “individual with tetraplegia” – in Spanish, English and Portuguese, with no restrictions on year of publication. Inclusion criteria were: articles describing studies with samples of individuals with spinal cord injuries treated with electrical stimulation and outcomes related to the respiratory system. Articles containing studies with invasive cough stimulation trials were excluded. Results: The 12 selected articles revealed the heterogeneity of electrostimulation protocols for expiratory function, which can include frequencies ranging from 30 to 50 Hz; pulse from 25 to 400 µs; applied in up to eight electrodes distributed across the expiratory and accessory muscles. Time of administration also varied, and the current amplitude was usually estimated by the patient’s perception, reaching values higher than 100mA. Conclusion: Even though the review did not find rigorous parameters for physical therapy using electrical stimulation, because of the shortage and low-quality of the studies that systematically compare stimulation parameters among subgroups, positive changes were observed in the assessed respiratory muscle function variables, such as peak expiratory and cough flow in individuals with cervical and thoracic spinal cord injury.