Free serum leptin but not bound leptin concentrations are elevated in patients with end-stage renal disease

Abstract

Background. Leptin is a 16-kDa protein that is thought to be a regulator of food intake and body weight. Although total serum leptin levels have been reported to be elevated in obese and normal weight patients with end-stage renal disease (ESRD), it is not known whether serum-free leptin concentrations are also increased in patients with ESRD with no apparent nutritional problems. Furthermore, there are no data on how different dialysis modes thigh-flux haemodiafiltration and low-flux dialysis) influence serum leptin subfractions. Methods. We measured fasting serum free and bound leptin levels in three groups of male subjects: patients on haemodiafiltration with high flux dialysers (n = 11), patients on haemodialysis with low-flux dialysers (n = 17) and healthy age (61 ± 8 years) and BMI (23.8 ± 3.1 kg/m2) matched control subjects (n = 28). Both leptin components were determined before and after a single dialysis session. Results. Body mass indices were correlated with serum free leptin levels in both patients (r = 0.69, P < 0.001) and controls (r = 0.77, P < 0.001). Mean (SD) serum free leptin levels were significantly higher in ESRD patients than in control subjects (91 ± 33 vs 41 ± 21 pmol/l; P < 0.01). Bound leptin levels did not differ in both groups (0.67 ± 0.12 vs 0.56 ± 0.11 mmol/l, NS). Elevated serum-free leptin levels in ESRD patients could be reduced by haemodiafiltration with high-flux membranes, but not with low-flux haemodialysis membranes. The former led to a reduction of initial serum free leptin values to 76 ± 17% (P < 0.01), whereas bound leptin remained unaffected. Conclusion. Serum-free leptin levels are elevated in ESRD without any apparent effect on body weight. In contrast, serum bound leptin levels remain stable, thus central feedback regulation via the bound form of the hormone may serve as an alternative explanation in the regulation of food intake and energy expenditure in chronic patients on haemodialysis with no apparent nutritional problems.