Molecular modelling of Staphylococcal δ-toxin ion channels by restrained molecular dynamics

Abstract

δ-Toxin is a 26-residue channel-forming peptide from Staphylococcus aureus which forms an amphipathic α-helix in a membrane environment. Channel formation in planar bilayers suggests that an average of six δ-toxin helices self-assemble to form transbilayer pores. Molecular models for channels formed by δ-toxin and by a synthetic analogue have been generated using a simulated annealing protocol applied via restrained molecular dynamics. These models are analysed in terms of the predicted geometric and energetic properties of the transbilayer pores. Pore radius calculations of the models demonstrate that rings of channel-lining residues contribute a series of constrictions along the pore. Electrostatic properties of the pores are determined both by pore-lining charged side chains and by the aligned helix dipoles of the parallel helix bundle. Molecular dynamics simulations (100 ps) of δ-toxin models containing intra-pore water were performed. Analysis of the resultant dynamics trajectories further supports the proposal that alternative conformations of pore-constricting side chains may be responsible for the observed conductance heterogeneity of δ-toxin ion channels.