Update on the management of cutaneous squamous cell carcinoma

Abstract

For all primary cutaneous squamous cell carcinomas (cSCCs), physical examination should include full skin examination, recording of tumour diameter and regional lymph-node–basin status. Surgery is the treatment of choice, with a minimal 5-mm margin. For elderly patients with well-differentiated tumours, other surgical modalities can be explored. Surgery for organ-trans-plant recipients should not be delayed. The issue with cSCC is identifying high-risk tumours with staging, as this may alter treatment and follow-up schedules. Ad-juvant radiation therapy should be considered for in-complete resection, when re-excision is impossible or there are poor-prognosis histological findings. Recommendations are at least biannual dermatological sur-veillance for 2 years, but in elderly patients with small, well-differentiated tumours long-term follow-up is not always necessary. In case of positive lymph nodes, ra-dical dissection is needed, with regional postoperative adjuvant radiation. Advanced cSCCs are defined as un-resectable local, regional or distant disease requiring systemic treatment. Their only approved treatment is the PD-1 inhibitor, cemiplimab. Trials evaluating ad-juvant or neo-adjuvant anti-PD-1 are ongoing. Platin-based chemo or anti-epidermal growth-factor–recep-tor therapies are possible second-line treatments. For transplant patients, minimizing immunosuppression and switching to sirolimus must be considered at first appearance of cSCC.