Cochineal powder as an eco-friendly carotenoid supplement to enhance coloration in Betta splendens

Abstract

The growing demand for natural and sustainable additives in aquaculture has driven interest in eco-friendly pigmentation enhancers for ornamental fish. This study evaluated the efficacy of cochineal powder (Dactylopius coccus), a natural insect-derived source of carminic acid and carotenoids, in enhancing red coloration in Betta fish (Betta splendens). A total of 60 Betta fish were randomly assigned to four dietary treatments containing 0%, 5%, 10%, and 15% cochineal powder for 30 days. Color intensity was quantified through visual analysis using Adobe Photoshop (hue and RGB values) and supported by histological analysis of chromatophore cell counts in dorsal and caudal skin tissues. The 10% cochineal inclusion yielded the most significant enhancement in red coloration, with the lowest hue values (7.3° dorsal, 6.0° caudal) and the highest red (R) values in RGB analysis. Histological examination confirmed a corresponding increase in chromatophore density, peaking at the 10% dose. This study highlights the novel application of cochineal powder in fish feed as a pro-ecological and sustainable alternative to synthetic pigments, supporting visual quality improvements in ornamental aquaculture. The research responds to the urgent need for environmentally responsible practices in the aquaculture sector by demonstrating that optimal inclusion of natural colorants can enhance product value without ecological compromise. These findings contribute to the advancement of green aquafeed technologies and provide a replicable model for sustainable pigment enhancement in the ornamental fish industry. For consumers and ornamental fish enthusiasts, incorporating feed containing 10% cochineal powder is recommended to naturally enhance red coloration in Betta fish without relying on synthetic additives. Regular use of such eco-friendly feed can improve fish appearance while supporting environmentally responsible aquaculture practices.