Evaluating the Electromyographical Signal During Symmetrical Load Lifting

Abstract

Muscular problems account for almost half the cases of work absence, with the back being the region most involved (Kumar, 2011). Bending the trunk forward while performing domestic work or sports related activities is the cause of most back injuries (Fathallah et al., 1998). Small degrees of flexion of the trunk can be considered a medium to high risk factor of injury, mainly when the angle of the forward inclination is greater than 15 degrees and is combined with lifting activities. As the task of lifting objects from the ground exposes spinal structures to muscular-skeletal overload it has been consistently investigated (Simon, 1997). In addition, epidemiological research associates lifting to the risk of developing lumbar back pain (Ferguson & Marras, 1997; Dolan & Adams, 1998; Jager & Luttmann, 1999; Nachemson, 1999; Wilke et al., 1999; Burdorf, 2000; Kingma et al., 2001; Wilke et al., 2001; Ferguson et al., 2004). In the early 20th century, the scientific community was already studying back injuries, in particular low back pain (Ghormley, 1933), and its relation with the loads that affect the spine. Due to the invasive nature of measuring these internal loads, models employing indirect means of estimating the loads that act on the lumbar region of the spine during lifting activities began to appear in the 1940s (Wilke et al., 2001). The models found in the literature continue to be primarily concerned with the forces between the muscles, joints and ligaments in only one cross section of the lumbar region (Strait et al., 1947; Cheng, 1998; Gagnon, 2001). While considering the spine as a single rigid structure, these simplified models attempt to provide estimates of what occurs in the spine in situations such as lifting a weight. However, these models are far from representative of the functional anatomical reality of the spine, which consists of several articulated segments and a complex muscle anatomy. The growing interest in producing a more realistic model of the trunk and, consequently, the spine, may have inspired some anthropometric studies (De Leva, 1996; Erdmann, 1997; Zatsiorsky, 2002) to divide the trunk into two or more connected segments. Some models that split the spine into more than one segment are conceived using biomechanical techniques, such as the link segment model (LSM), surface electromyography (EMG) and inverse dynamics (Lariviere, 1999; Marras, 1997; La Torre, 2005). The EMG of the trunk muscles has been used as input for biomechanical models that attempt to indirectly estimate the forces acting on the spine (Granata, 1995; Arjmand, 2006).