Exploring process variables and their impact on water treatment: an in-depth review of biomass derived hydrochar

Abstract

This review focusses on a comprehensive overview of the process variables or parameters (temperature, pressure, residence time, catalyst use, solvent-to-biomass ratio, heating rate) that influence the production of hydrochars and their effect on modulating its characteristics. This review also explores how variations in process parameters can enhance the adsorptive properties of hydrochar. Characterization techniques used to analyze hydrochar properties like surface morphology, functionality, elemental composition, structure, and surface area, specifically focusing on their effectiveness as adsorbents for water remediation. By synthesizing these aspects, this review highlights the advancements and opportunities in utilizing hydrochar for environmental and industrial purposes. Ultimately, this review aims to bridge knowledge gaps and address challenges in understanding reaction pathways, allowing for tailored hydrochar production under various HTC conditions. Furthermore, it proposes future directions for improving the applications of hydrochars as effective adsorbents.