Farmer awareness of heavy metal contamination in urban roadside vegetables along the Accra–Tema motorway, Ghana

Abstract

Urban roadside farming plays a vital role in enhancing food security in densely populated areas, but also poses a significant potential risk of heavy metal contamination due to vehicular emissions. This study assesses the awareness and practices of vegetable farmers along the Accra-Tema Motorway regarding heavy metal contamination and its potential health implications. Despite the prevalence of farming along this corridor, little is known about farmers’ perceptions of heavy metal contamination and the associated risks. This research seeks to fill that gap by exploring farmer knowledge in this high-risk, under-researched area. A quantitative approach was employed. Data were collected through structured questionnaires and one-on-one interviews with 50 purposively selected farmers. Results showed that 96% of the farmers were unaware of heavy metal contamination, though 80% expressed a willingness to discontinue farming near the motorway if they were informed of the risks. Although farmers benefit economically from a ready market for their produce, they face challenges such as limited access to clean irrigation water and dependence on informal agricultural knowledge. The study highlights the urgent need for targeted educational interventions to raise awareness about the risks of heavy metal exposure and to encourage safer farming practices. These findings provide essential insights for guiding policy aimed at safeguarding public health and promoting sustainable urban agriculture.