Principles of Human–Bear Conflict Management in Challenging Environments

Abstract

Human–bear conflicts differ geographically across the range of eight bear species. First, a brief summary of how conflict studies started in international relationships and then entered to the field of wildlife conservation is given. Then, an overall picture of human–bear conflict management is provided and how current conflict management plans can be improved by considering them as logic models is discussed. Finally, 12 key factors for managing human–bear conflict in challenging environments are presented.