Higher Education and IR 4.0: Embedding Entrepreneurship Education in Malaysian and Nigerian Universities—Developments and Challenges

Abstract

Purpose: This paper identify major objectives as yardsticks to juxtapose our arguments throughout the study, examining the implications of IR 4.0 for higher education and entrepreneurship education by reviewing Nigeria’s and Malaysia’s national development plans to determine their relevance to IR 4.0. Design/methodology/approach: In view of the complexities generated by the Fourth Industrial Revolution (IR 4.0), which affects every sector including entrepreneurship and education, this study undertakes a systematic literature review to ascertain the facts and discuss concepts related to higher education and entrepreneurship, particularly the role of IR 4.0 in changing and modifying the direction of entrepreneurship. Findings: The study also highlights the approaches adopted and challenges encountered by universities in their implementation of entrepreneurship education, considering the job market disparities mentioned earlier. The paper conclude that it is imperative for both countries to instill the virtues of entrepreneurship education in their students, in order to prepare them for the challenges and needs of IR 4.0. Research limitations/implications: This problem is largely associated with the weak approach adopted by universities in equipping students with the necessary entrepreneurial skills for today’s highly competitive industrialized era, and not in any way related to the students themselves. Practical implications: Thousands of students graduate every year from Malaysia and Nigerian universities and other higher institutions across the globe. However, the availability of job vacancies in government and other sectors is insufficient to match the number of graduates produced annually.   Originality/value: This paper is original Paper type: Research paper