Implementing Electronic Health Records in Germany: Lessons (Yet to Be) Learned

Abstract

Introduction: Ensuring access to the right information at the right time can improve the safety, effectiveness and efficiency of care. A systematic and detailed collection of patient records, commonly known as electronic health records (EHRs), forms the core of the information system architecture in integrated health systems. Description: Since January 2021, seventeen years after the German legislation to implement EHRs (elektronische Patientenakte; ePA) came into force, the sickness funds in Germany have been offering their enrollees a downloadable application with which patients can access their personal EHRs through an electronic device. Looking at the ePA adoption process, it is now safe to argue that the deployment has been anything but successful. After two years of the launch, the number of ePA users amounts to not even 1% of the insured population in Germany, failing to move the needle on integrated care and health data integration. Based on a public policy theory, this article analyses the factors that are influencing the ePA implementation and secondary use of ePA data. Discussion: As the German experience shows, the feasibility of digital health projects depends on several contextual factors: countries with a high degree of self-governance and federal structures have to manage complex coordination processes that often slow down or otherwise impede digitalisation processes. In addition, cultural peculiarities such as concerns about data protection and security can be a hindering factor for digitalisation. Whereas the new German government and European initiatives such as the European Health Data Space (EHDS) create an advantageous situation for the ePA implementation and secondary use of health data, the structural and cultural issues in Germany should be acknowledged and tackled. Conclusion: Concerning the structural factors, a further reorganisation of the board of gematik, the key organisation of digital health solutions in Germany, should be considered. Cultural factors in Germany affect especially the secondary use of data; organising information campaigns, investing in (digital) health literacy of the population and designing a user-friendly ePA application are central in this context.