Russian Surrogate Warfare in Ukraine and Syria: Understanding the Utility of Militias and Private Military Companies

Abstract

Russia has traditionally maintained a large army to defend its borders. Now there is evidence that the Kremlin has utilized proxy militias and private military companies to launch operations abroad. The article will focus on the Russian interventions in Ukraine and Syria. It will claim that there are three reasons for the use of surrogate forces. Domestic developments, including new social attitudes, can explain why the Kremlin has been keen to hide casualties from the public. Concerns over legal and reputation repercussions mean that Moscow wants to minimize the Russian footprint in both countries. Finally, the use of militias and private contractors has certain military advantages for the Russian side.