Reinforcement Influence of Pineapple and Cashew Wastes on Concrete's Structural Properties as Supplementary Materials: A Comprehensive Review

Abstract

The current high rate of global warming is negatively affecting humans’ health and global communities. From the literature, it was evident that a larger percentage of carbon dioxide (CO2) and other greenhouse gases (GHGs) were emitted from cement industries. The production of environmentally friendly and low carbon concrete via incorporation of agricultural wastes/ residues is one of the best methods of mitigating this environmental problem and others. This study reviewed the importance of incorporating Pineapple and Cashew wastes (PW and CW) in concrete as one of the approaches towards mitigating the emissions of GHGs in construction sectors. As of importance, PW and CW exhibit pozzolanic-properties which are good for the enhancement of concrete’s structural properties. The review shows that low water – cement ratio is suitable for the production of pineapple waste’s ash blended concrete. In addition, the production of workable CW and PW – concrete requires the use of 0.35-0.4 water/ cement ratios for good results. Also, to attain good concrete’s compressive, flexural and tensile strengths; the inclusion of PW in concrete should be limited to 0.1 – 0.5 %, 0.2 – 3.0 % and 0.15 – 3.0 %, respectively. Results from literatures have shown that the incorporation of 0 – 0.4 % of PW and CW in concrete really reduced the concrete’s interstices and consequently, increasing its strengths and micro-structural properties, most especially at 90 days and beyond. Also, the review data were provided to help in reducing the rate of CO2 and GHGs emissions from cement and concrete industries. In conclusion, this data will help in furthering the research on incorporating agricultural wastes in concrete as construction materials, and it will also help in reducing the problems of global warming through the emissions of CO2 from GHGs and environmental pollution.