Síndrome de Diógenes

Abstract

Diogenes syndrome (DS) is characterized by extreme self-neglect, domestic squalor, social withdrawal, suspiciousness and paranoid behaviour and is often accompanied by excessive hoarding. The annual incidence is five per ten thousand of the population aged over 60, at least half of whom will have dementia or some other form of mental illness. The main etiological hypotheses are: (1) the condition represents the "end-stage" of a personality disorder; (2) the syndrome is a manifestation of a frontal-lobe dementia; (3) DS may be an end stage of the hoarding subtype of OCD; (4) DS may be a final common pathway of different psychiatric disorders, especially disorders associated with hoarding; and (5) the syndrome is precipitated by biological, psychological and social stressors, associated with age, in individuals with predisposing personality traits. To the best of our knowledge, there are only case reports of specific treatments for DS, particularly risperidone. As far as the serious condition is concerned, with high mortality rate due to clinical diseases, further research is needed to determine which interventions shall have the most favourable outcome. The authors describe a case of a female patient with DS and write a brief literature review.