Lipophilicity affects the pharmacokinetics and toxicity of local anaesthetic agents administered by caudal block

Abstract

1. Drugs administered into the epidural space by caudal block are cleared by means of a process potentially affected by the lipophilic character of the compounds. 2. In the present study, we examined the relationship between the octanol-water partition coefficient (log Poct) and the time to reach the maximum plasma drug concentration (tmax) of lignocaine, bupivacaine and ropivacaine administered by caudal block in paediatric patients. We also examined the relationship between log Poct and the toxicity of these local anaesthetic agents in experimental models. The tmax and toxicity data were obtained from the literature. 3. Ropivacaine, with a log Poct of 2.9, exhibited a tmax of 61.6 min. The tmax of lignocaine, with a log Poct of 2.4, and bupivacaine, with a log Poct of 3.4, were approximately 50% shorter than ropivacaine. At log Poct of approximately 3.0, the toxicity of these local anaesthetic agents was substantially increased. The relationship between log P oct and the convulsive effect in dogs was similar to the relationship between log Poct and the lethal dose in sheep. 4. With local anaesthetic agents, it appears that the relationship between log P oct and drug transfer from the epidural space to the blood stream is parabolic, being the slowest rate of transference at log Poct, 3.0. Toxicity, due to plasma availability of these local anaesthetic agents, seems to be increased at log Poct equal or higher than 3.0 secondary to the highest transfer from plasma into the central nervous system.