Relationship between ABO Blood Groups and Susceptibility to Dental Caries and Periodontitis: A Narrative Review

Abstract

Introduction Oral health significantly impacts overall well-being. Emerging research has focused on systemic factors, including ABO blood groups, as potential influencers of oral disease susceptibility. The purpose is to understand the potential physiological and/or immunological association between the ABO blood groups and susceptibility to periodontal diseases and dental caries. This might aid in developing early diagnostic and treatment strategies for these conditions based on the individual ABO blood group. Methods This review synthesizes findings from cross-sectional studies published between 2015-2025, exploring the association between ABO blood types and susceptibility to dental caries and periodontitis, and examining immunological and physiological mechanisms underpinning these relationships. A set of inclusion and exclusion criteria was adopted to ensure proper search, sound evaluation, and conclusions. Results A systematic search of the major databases identified 29 relevant cross-sectional studies involving diverse populations, of which 21 studies discussed the ABO blood group association with periodontitis. Discussion Findings indicated that individuals with blood group AB exhibited an increased risk of developing dental caries, while those with blood group O were at higher risk of developing periodontitis. Possible explanations include the presence of salivary immunoglobulins (IgA, IgM, IgG), the ABO antigen secretion status, or the combination of both. Although these associations were significant, blood groups alone do not conclusively determine disease development. Additional factors, such as oral hygiene, dietary habits, ethnicity, and genetics, play critical roles. Conclusion In-depth research including various confounders is needed to provide a comprehensive conclusion. Findings reported here can have practical implications in dental practice by incorporating blood group data into the patient assessment profile in dental screenings.