The spectrum of mitochondrial DNA deletions is a ubiquitous marker of ultraviolet radiation exposure in human skin

Abstract

We and colleagues have suggested that deletions of mitochondrial DNA may be useful as a biomarker of ultraviolet radiation exposure in skin. In this study using a southwestern approach involving monoclonal antibodies against thymine dimers we provide direct evidence for the presence of ultraviolet-induced damage in mitochondrial DNA purified from any nuclear DNA contamination. Previous studies have been limited, as they have focused on the frequency of a single mitochondrial DNA deletion. Therefore we have addressed the question of the spectrum of mitochondrial DNA deletions in skin and whether this can be used as an index of overall DNA damage. We have used a long polymerase chain reaction technique to determine the mitochondrial DNA deletion spectrum of almost the entire mitochondrial genome in 71 split skin samples in relation to sun exposure. There was a significant increase in the number of deletions with increasing ultraviolet exposure in the epidermis (Kruskal-Wallis test, p = 0.0015) but not the dermis (p = 0.6376). The findings in the epidermis are not confounded by any age-dependent increases in mitochondrial DNA deletions also detected by the long polymerase chain reaction technique. The large spectrum of deletions identified in our study highlights the ubiquitous nature and the high mutational load of mitochondrial DNA associated with ultraviolet exposure and chronologic aging. Compared with the detection of single deletions using competitive polymerase chain reaction, we show that long polymerase chain reaction is a sensitive technique and may therefore provide a more comprehensive, although not quantitative, index of overall mitochondrial DNA damage in skin.