Groundwater pollution, causes, assessment methods and remedies for mitigation: A special attention to Indian Punjab

Abstract

In parallel to over-exploitation of groundwater resources of Indian Punjab, water pollution has turned out to be another serious challenge chiefly due to increased use of Agrochemicals (fertilizers, pesticides, insecticides, fungicides, herbicides, etc.). The Malwa region of the state consumes about 75% of the total pesticides used in Punjab. Nitrogen and phosphorus use of the state is nearly twice of that at national level. About 80% groundwater of Malwa region has