Synthesis and Characterization of a New Hydrogen-Bond-Stabilized 1,10-Phenanthroline–Phenol Schiff Base: Integrated Spectroscopic, Electrochemical, Theoretical Studies, and Antimicrobial Evaluation

Abstract

A new Schiff base, (E)-2-(((1,10-phenanthrolin-5-yl)imino)methyl)-4,6-di-tert-butylphenol (Fen-IHB), was designed to incorporate an intramolecular hydrogen bond (IHB) between the phenolic OH and the azomethine nitrogen with the goal of modulating its physicochemical and biological properties. Fen-IHB was synthesized by condensation of 5-amino-1,10-phenanthroline with 3,5-di-tert-butyl-2-hydroxybenzaldehyde and exhaustively characterized by HR-ESI-MS, FTIR, 1D/2D NMR (1H, 13C, DEPT-45, HH-COSY, CH-COSY, D2O exchange), and UV–Vis spectroscopy. Cyclic voltammetry in anhydrous CH3CN revealed a single irreversible cathodic peak at −1.43 V (vs. Ag/Ag+), which is consistent with the intramolecular reductive coupling of the azomethine moiety. Density functional theory (DFT) calculations, including MEP mapping, Fukui functions, dual descriptor analysis, and Fukui potentials with dual descriptor potential, identified the exocyclic azomethine carbon as the principal nucleophilic site and the phenolic ring (hydroxyl oxygen and adjacent carbons) as the main electrophilic region. Noncovalent interaction (NCI) analysis further confirmed the strength and geometry of the intramolecular hydrogen bond (IHB). In vitro antimicrobial assays indicated that Fen-IHB was inactive against Gram-negative facultative anaerobes (Salmonella enterica serovar Typhimurium and Typhi, Escherichia coli) and strictly anaerobic Gram-positive species (Clostridioides difficile, Roseburia inulinivorans, Blautia coccoides), as any growth inhibition was indistinguishable from the DMSO control. Conversely, Fen-IHB displayed measurable activity against Gram-positive aerobes and aerotolerant anaerobes, including Bacillus subtilis, Streptococcus pyogenes, Enterococcus faecalis, Staphylococcus aureus, and Staphylococcus haemolyticus. Overall, these comprehensive characterization results confirm the distinctive chemical and electronic properties of Fen-IHB, underlining the crucial role of the intramolecular hydrogen bond and electronic descriptors in defining its reactivity profile and selective biological activity.