Cigarette smoking and disproportionate changes of thoracic skeletal muscles in low-dose chest computed tomography

Abstract

Association between smoking intensity and the quantity and quality of thoracic skeletal muscles (TSMs) remains unexplored. Skeletal muscle index (SMI; skeletal muscle area/height2) and percentage of normal attenuation muscle area (NAMA%) were measured to represent the quantity and quality of the skeletal muscles, respectively, and quantification was performed in pectoralis muscle at aortic arch (AA-PM), TSM at carina (C-TSM), erector spinae muscle at T12 (T12-ESM), and skeletal muscle at L1 (L1-SM). Among the 258 men (median age, 62 years [IQR: 58–69]), 183 were current smokers (median smoking intensity, 40 pack-years [IQR: 30–46]). SMI and NAMA% of AA-PM significantly decreased with pack-year (β = − 0.028 and − 0.076; P < 0.001 and P = 0.021, respectively). Smoking intensity was inversely associated with NAMA% of C-TSM (β = − 0.063; P = 0.001), whereas smoking intensity showed a borderline association with SMI of C-TSM (β = − 0.023; P = 0.057). Smoking intensity was associated with the change in NAMA% of L1-SM (β = − 0.040; P = 0.027), but was not associated with SMI of L1-SM (P > 0.05). Neither NAMA% nor SMI of T12-ESM was affected by smoking intensity (P > 0.05). In conclusion, smoking intensity was associated with the change of TSMs. Its association varied according to the location of TSMs, with the most associated parts being the upper (AA-PM) and middle TSMs (C-TSM).