Assessment of Soil and Groundwater Contamination from Olive Mill Wastewater Disposal at Ben Aoun, Central Tunisia

Abstract

Olive mill wastewater (OMW) contains high organic loads and phytotoxic polyphenols. In Tunisia, OMW is often stored in unlined evaporation ponds. This practice creates a risk of soil and groundwater contamination. This study evaluates the environmental impact of a long-term OMW evaporation pond in the Ben Aoun area, Sidi Bouzid region. The investigation combines wastewater, soil and groundwater sampling with laboratory physicochemical analyses. Three OMW samples (E1 surface, E2 mixed, E3 recent spill) were collected. Three shallow boreholes (0–5 m) were sampled at 20 cm intervals. In addition, three nearby pumping wells were sampled. All samples were analyzed for pH, electrical conductivity (EC), chemical oxygen demand (COD), total and volatile solids, major cations/anions, total nitrogen, total phosphorus and total polyphenols. Results obtained using the Folin–Ciocalteu method are expressed as mg Eq AG L−1 for liquids and mg Eq AG gMS−1 for soils. OMW samples showed high COD (E1 = 48, E2 = 70, E3 = 80 g/L) and polyphenols (E1 = 5, E2 = 9.7, E3 = 14 g/L). Soil profiles inside the pond exhibited increased EC with peak of 15.48 mS cm−1 at 0.4 m depth. Near-surface layers showed low pH and increased organic matter and polyphenols to depths of ~5 m. Groundwater samples collected near the pond contained measurable polyphenols (up to 41 mg/L in the closest well), indicating subsurface migration. Evidence indicates lateral migration of about 20 m and vertical infiltration to a depth of approximately 5 m beneath the pond. The findings demonstrate that unlined OMW evaporation ponds act as a persistent source of organic and phenolic contamination. This poses a potential risk to shallow groundwater.